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The illness is particularly associated with hotels, water fountains, cruise ships, and hospitals with intricate safe and clean water supply and cooling systems. Respiratory-care devices such as humidifiers and nebulizers used with infected tap water may include Legionella species, so utilizing sterile water is really crucial. Other sources consist of exposure to potting mix and garden compost.

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enter the lungs either by aspiration of infected water or inhalation of aerosolized infected water or soil. In the lung, the bacteria are consumed by macrophages, a kind of white blood cell, within which the Legionella bacteria increase, triggering the death of the macrophage. Once the macrophage dies, the bacteria are launched from the dead cell to infect other macrophages.

Medical diagnosis [modify] Different stages of the illness: Chest radiograph (A) and high-resolution calculated tomography (B) at hospital admission, repeat high-resolution electronic tomography of the chest a week after hospital admission (C, D), displayed in a 42-year-old male with extreme pneumonia caused by L. pneumophila serogroup 11a People of any age may develop Legionnaires' disease, however the illness usually impacts middle-aged and older individuals, particularly those who smoke cigarettes or have chronic lung disease.

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Pontiac fever most typically happens in those who are otherwise healthy. [] The most beneficial diagnostic tests find the bacteria in coughed-up mucus, discover Legionella antigens in urine samples, or permit comparison of Legionella antibody levels in 2 blood samples taken 36 weeks apart. A urine antigen test is easy, quick, and extremely reliable, however only spots L.

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pneumophila, which suggests usage of the urine antigen test alone may miss out on as lots of as 30% of cases. This test was developed by Richard Kohler in 1982. When handling  This Piece Covers It Well , the urine antigen test works for early detection of Legionnaire's disease and initiation of treatment, and has been practical in early detection of outbreaks.